The History of Horoscopes and Zodiac Signs

People have been looking to the stars for guidance for a long time. As long ago as Ancient Egypt, farmers used the sky as a calendar. The mid-July rising of the Dog Star, Sirius, was a marker of the Nile River’s annual flooding. Travelers relied on the stars as a compass to help them know where to go. And people looked to the skies for mystical direction as well.

But who was the first to look to the sky to help figure out what was happening on the ground and why people were doing the things they did? It is unclear exactly who began thinking this way and when they started, but astronomers and historians have some insights into how it became so popular.

The Origin of Zodiac Signs

Heavenly bodies are just some of the many aspects of the natural world that people have looked to for answers throughout history. Cave art proves the concept that people believed animals and objects could be imbued with spirits that had power, and if that spirit form was appeased, a successful hunt or bountiful harvest would occur.

Forms of astrology show up in many belief systems across various ancient cultures. Noblemen in Ancient China considered sunspots and eclipses to be omens of good times or bad times to come for their emperor. By around the middle of the second millennium BC, the Babylonians and Sumerians had many divination practices. They analyzed spots on animals’ entrails, and they watched the stars and planets to track where their gods were in the sky.

Ancient Egyptians contributed the concept that star patterns formed constellations, and the sun appears to move through them at certain times of the year. These ideas are believed to have come together with Alexander the Great’s conquest of Egypt around 330 BC.

A lot of exchange must have been required to convince the Greeks to use planets for divination. Because they excelled at logic and mathematics, they devised many rules for how it works. That logic led to the development of the zodiac signs, which are familiar today. The 12-star signs of the zodiac were established during this Ancient Greek period.

Earth, Sun, and Stars

Picture an imaginary line beginning at the Earth and out into space, beyond our solar system, through the Sun. Next, picture Earth traveling in its orbit around the Sun for a full year. The imaginary line rotates, too, pointing toward different stars on its trip around the Sun and “drawing” a disc. All of the stars near that imaginary disc are in the zodiac. The constellations that the imaginary line points toward during the year are the constellations of the zodiac.

By 1500 BC, the Babylonians divided the zodiac into 12 equal signs, with similar names. These signs were incorporated into the Greek system of divination, and the astronomer Ptolemy popularized them.

Ptolemy codified the concept of a 12-sign zodiac, stating that the sun moves through these signs throughout the year. The word “zodiac” comes from Greek. The order in which the signs are commonly listed also originates from that historical period.

• Aries, March 21-April 19
• Taurus, April 20-May 20
• Gemini, May 21-June 20
• Cancer, June 21-July 22
• Leo, July 23-Aug. 22
• Virgo, Aug. 23-Sept. 22
• Libra, Sept. 23-Oct. 22
• Scorpio, Oct. 23-Nov. 21
• Sagittarius, Nov. 22-Dec. 21
• Capricorn, Dec. 22-Jan. 19
• Aquarius, Jan. 20 to Feb. 18
• Pisces, Feb. 19 to March 20

These signs were named after constellations. They match with dates based upon the relationship between the sun and their location in the sky. So, according to astrologers, if the sun was in the constellation of Sagittarius the day you were born, then your sign is Sagittarius.

In ancient Greek times, spring began when the sun was located in the constellation of Aries. Everything from that time forward was marked according to the annual circuit. However, due to precession—the Earth’s movement on its axis since then—the dates that mark the signs don’t correspond to the constellations that give them their names anymore. The chronology has actually shifted one full sign to the West, so zodiac sign dates now correspond to the sun’s presence in the constellations of the previous signs.

Astrologers used to look where the sun was located relative to the general background constellations. This basically matched up with the signs of the zodiac as Ptolemy codified. Now astrologers do their forecasting and calculations based on where the sun and the planets appear related to the 12 signs, which are static, not on where they are in relation to the constellations.

Astrology vs. Astronomy

Astrology looks for signs based on the movement of celestial bodies, while astronomy is the scientific study of those objects. For centuries, they were considered to be basically the same thing. At the time, R Johannes Kepler, the revolutionary 17th-century astronomer who studied the planets’ motion, was considered an astrologer. The definitions changed around the late 17th century, at the beginning of the Enlightenment.

Sir Isaac Newton mathematically analyzed the planets’ motion and realized that gravity controls everything. This basically turned the sky into a calculator, starting a new, scientific approach to observing the sky and analyzing the movement of the Earth and other planets.

That’s when astronomy became known as a science, and astrology was no longer considered to be a science. But astrology’s appeal is rooted in concepts that numbers can’t compute. The popularity of looking to the stars to answer questions has not waned and only seems to have expanded in recent years: A National Science Foundation study in 2014 found that more than half of millennials accept astrology as real science.

Even if astrology isn’t considered to be a scientific study, people still turn to the sky for a very real reason. The human tendency still leans toward “self-selection,” and we still search for the interpretations that will prove what we already consider to be the truth.